Sources
Every claim on this site traces to one of these 73 sources. Where a source is the only record for a site, that is stated on the site page itself.
Unattributed (HRIDAY scheme leaflet)
HRIDAY City – Warangal
Heritage leaflet · cited as HRIDAY Warangal leaflet
The leaflet is a six-page popular guide that cites N. S. Ramachandra Murthy’s Forts of Andhra Pradesh and two websites. It is the only source for the traditions about Pulakesin II and the minister Hari at Bhadrakali, so those claims are treated as tradition. The leaflet dates Pakhal to 1213, against the tank’s inscription of 1245.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Konda Masjid · Bhadrakali Temple · Architecture · History
OpenStreetMap contributors
OpenStreetMap: Warangal Fort (ways 101824978 and 101825044, with gates and water bodies)
Open geographic database · cited as OpenStreetMap
Contributors have traced the fort’s earthen and stone walls from aerial imagery. On that trace the earthen wall is 7.77 km round and about 2.47 km across, and the stone wall is 4.07 km round and about 1.3 km across.
Cited on: Warangal Fort
Unattributed blog image
Aerial view of Warangal Fort
Image used for comparison only · cited as Aerial view of Warangal Fort (blog image)
The site owner supplied this aerial view. It shows the irregular earthen wall, the inner stone wall and the tank south-east of the centre, and it was used to check the plan.
Cited on: Warangal Fort plan
Telugu Wikipedia contributors
అగ్గలయ్య గుట్ట (Aggalayya Gutta)
Encyclopedia article (user-edited) · cited as Telugu Wikipedia
The article calls Aggalayya a Jain religious teacher and says that a statue of him is on the hill. It dates the reliefs to the 9th and 10th centuries. It gives no source for these claims.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta
Gandhi Bhaskar Patrudu Lenka
The Inscriptions of Lenkas: The Warrior Rulers of Kakatiya Dynasty
No publisher or place given
Compilation · cited as Lenka, Inscriptions of Lenkas
The compilation has 27 pages. Its value lies in the reproduced Telugu texts and English summaries of inscriptions from South Indian Inscriptions Vol. X (Nos. 499 to 557). These records name officers with the title lenka under Pratapa Rudra. The introduction contains errors, such as a 'Prataparudra I' in 1163. Its links between the lenkas and Odisha rest on no evidence. Its coin attributions come from unnamed sale descriptions.
Cited on: Pratapa Rudra
James Fergusson (collector)
James Fergusson collection of photographs of Indian architecture
Boston Public Library, Arts Department (digitised on Digital Commonwealth)
Photograph collection · cited as Fergusson albums (BPL)
The architectural historian James Fergusson collected these albumen prints. The library catalogue dates most of them to about 1850–1886, and the photographers are not named. They are the earliest known photographs of Warangal Fort and the Thousand Pillar Temple.
H. M. Elliot and John Dowson (eds.)
The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, Vol. III
Trübner, London
Translated primary sources · cited as Elliot & Dowson III
The volume gives English translations of the Delhi Sultanate chronicles. Barani describes the Warangal campaigns of 1309–1323, the renaming of Warangal as Sultanpur and its loss to the Nayaks. Amir Khusrau describes the sieges of 1310 and 1318, and Shams-i Siraj Afif records the death of the Rai on the road to Delhi.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Anumakonda Fort · Pratapa Rudra · Delhi Sultanate (Tughluqs) · History
James Fergusson
History of Indian and Eastern Architecture
John Murray, London
1st edition
Early architectural survey · cited as Fergusson 1876
Cousens (1900) cites Fergusson’s illustration of one of the Warangal keerthi thoranam at p. 892. That page number needs checking against a copy of the 1876 edition. The comparison of the intact Swayambhu temple with the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur is Cousens’s own, not Fergusson’s.
Cited on: Thousand Pillar Temple
J. F. Fleet
Sanskrit and Old-Canarese Inscriptions, No. CXVIII: Kakatya inscription of Rudradeva at Anamkond, Saka 1084. The Indian Antiquary, Vol. XI, pp. 9-20
Education Society's Press, Bombay (facsimile reprint, Swati Publications, 1984)
Epigraphic edition (journal) · cited as Fleet 1882
Fleet's edition and translation of the Thousand Pillar Temple inscription of Rudra Deva, made from an ink impression. Epigraphia Telanganica Vol. II reprints his introduction and translation at pp. 62-69. The archive.org OCR of the volume is unusable, so the site reads Fleet through Epigraphia Telanganica.
Cited on: how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
Walter Elliot
Coins of Southern India (International Numismata Orientalia, Vol. III, Part 2)
Trübner and Co., London
Numismatic catalogue · cited as Elliot 1886
Elliot's section on the Kakatiyas (pp. 82-85) knows no boar coins of the family. Elliot took the Kakatiya emblem to be a seated bull, seen on several seals. He describes a lost copper coin with a Nagari legend reading Kakati, Pratapa and Kataka, which is the Gajapati type of Orissa. His plates show early Chalukya boar padma-tankas without legends (Pl. I, Nos. 19-21) and no gajakesari coins. On p. 73 he notes that boar-stamped weights and measures were still used in his day.
Cited on: coins, weights and measures
E. Hultzsch (ed.)
Epigraphia Indica, Vol. III (1894-95)
Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta
Epigraphic journal · cited as Epigraphia Indica III
The volume contains Hultzsch's edition of the Ganapesvaram inscription of Ganapati Deva (7 April 1231), pp. 82-93, and Kielhorn's edition of the Yadava Bahal inscription, pp. 110-113. Kielhorn there notes that the expired Saka year 1144 was the cycle year Chitrabhanu.
Cited on: how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
A. Claude Campbell
Glimpses of the Nizam's Dominions
Philadelphia and Bombay
Illustrated survey with photographs · cited as Campbell 1898
The book reproduces photographs of the Nizam's territories taken before 1898. It includes views of Warangal Fort and the Thousand Pillar Temple at Hanamkonda. The photographer is not named.
Henry Cousens (Archaeological Survey of India)
Lists of Antiquarian Remains in His Highness the Nizam's Territories
Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta
ASI New Imperial Series, Vol. XXXI
Primary survey record · cited as ASI 1900
The survey is the earliest systematic site inventory for the Kakatiya heartland, and it predates the Nizam Archaeology Department. It contains the numbered inventory of 21 structures inside Warangal Fort and 13 catalogued inscriptions, plus site entries for Hanumakonda, Pakhal, Palampet, Neddigonda, Paloncha, Kusumanchi, Jidkal, Uparpalle and others. Several of these sites appear in no other source consulted. The Warangal District section is at pp. 46-50.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Thousand Pillar Temple · Ramappa Temple · Ghanpur Temple Complex · Pakhal Lake · Neddigonda Temple · Uparpalle Temples · Kusumanchi Inscribed Column · Jidkal Reservoir · Paloncha Fort · Bandri Gateway · Khasi Mahal · Konda Masjid · Padmakshi Temple · Aggalayya Gutta · Architecture · History
E. Hultzsch (ed.). Article by F. Kielhorn
Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI (1900–01). No. 5: Chebrolu inscription of Jaya, Saka-Samvat 1157, pp. 38–40
Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta (reprinted by the Archaeological Survey of India, 1981)
Epigraphic journal · cited as Epigraphia Indica VI
The volume contains one Kakatiya record, Kielhorn's edition of the Chebrolu inscription of Jaya, dated 21 April 1235. No other article in the volume concerns the Kakatiyas or Telangana.
Cited on: Ganapati Deva · how to read an inscription
Vincent A. Smith
Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Vol. I
Clarendon Press, Oxford, for the Trustees of the Indian Museum
Numismatic catalogue · cited as Smith 1906
Smith's section on Western and Southern India (pp. 311-318) has no gajakesari or Kakatiya coins. Smith gives about 58 grains as the average weight of the cup-shaped padma-tankas and links their form to the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani.
T. W. Haig
Historic Landmarks of the Deccan
Pioneer Press, Allahabad
Historical topography · cited as Haig 1907
Haig describes Warangal Fort at pp. 66–69. He gives the circumference of the stone wall and the diameter of the earthen wall, and he traces the outermost wall.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Devarakonda Fort · Bhongir Fort · History · History · History · History · History
E. Hultzsch (ed.). Article by H. Krishna Sastri, with a note on the date by F. Kielhorn
Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX (1907-08). Anmakonda inscription of Prola, Chalukya-Vikrama year 42, pp. 256-263
Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta
Epigraphic journal · cited as Epigraphia Indica IX
The article edits the Kannada pillar inscription at the Padmakshi temple. Kielhorn equates its date, Chalukya-Vikrama year 42, Hemalambi, Uttarayana-samkranti, with Saka 1039 expired and with Monday, 24 December 1117.
Cited on: Padmakshi Temple · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
Mirza Mehdy Khan (Government of India)
Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Hyderabad State
Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta
Provincial gazetteer · cited as Imperial Gazetteer 1909
The Gazetteer covers Warangal District at pp. 162–174, Pakhal at p. 175 and Paloncha at p. 297. The Gazetteer describes the Telangana tank landscape as a granitic region of rice and tanks with thousands of artificial reservoirs. It also gives the position of Pakhal Lake as 17° 57′ N, 79° 59′ E.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Pakhal Lake · Paloncha Fort · Laknavaram Lake · Devarakonda Fort · Bhongir Fort · Prola II · Pratapa Rudra · Mauryas (Asoka) · Satavahanas · Western Chalukyas of Kalyani · Bahmani Sultanate · Qutb Shahis · Mughal Empire · Asaf Jahi Nizams · Architecture · History · History · History · History · History
E. Hultzsch and Sten Konow (eds.). Article by E. Hultzsch
Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XII (1913-14). Motupalli pillar inscription of Ganapatideva, A.D. 1244-45, pp. 188-197
Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta
Epigraphic journal · cited as Epigraphia Indica XII
The article edits the abhaya-sasana of Ganapati Deva for merchants at the port of Motupalli.
Cited on: History · coins, weights and measures · how to read an inscription
Hyderabad Archaeological Department
Pakhal Inscription of the Reign of the Kakatiya Ganapatideva
Epigraphic edition · cited as Pakhal inscription 1245
The edition was reprinted in Epigraphia Telanganica II, No. 201. The inscription records the tank at Pakhal built by Jagadala Mummadi, son of the minister Bayyana Nayaka, in A.D. 1245.
Cited on: Pakhal Lake
L. D. Barnett (ed.)
Inscriptions at Palampet and Uparpalli (Hyderabad Archaeological Series No. 3)
His Exalted Highness the Nizam’s Government (Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta)
Epigraphic edition · cited as Barnett 1919
The volume edits the Ramappa temple inscription of 1213 and the inscription at Uparpalle. G. Yazdani took the estampages in December 1916.
Cited on: Ramappa Temple · Uparpalle Temples · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions
Annual Reports
Departmental annual reports · cited as Nizam’s Archaeological Reports 1920–31
The reports are mostly administrative budget and tour diaries rather than archaeological description. Three items are worth noting. The first is a monograph by Lakshman Rao on the Shitab Khan inscription at Warangal Fort, which was in preparation but never published. The second is a record in Nagari script at Petlampet near Ramagundam station, which refers to Ganapati Deva of Orugallu. Petlampet also has the remains of two ruined temples. The third is a numbered photographic record of Warangal Fort, serial numbers 742-751. The photographs include a flight of steps to the ramparts, old buildings inside the fort, the gateway of the ruined temple and the temple on the rock.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Ghanpur Temple Complex · Uparpalle Temples · Bandri Gateway · Khasi Mahal · Katakshapur Temples · Aggalayya Gutta · Rachakonda Fort · History · History
G. Yazdani
The Temples at Palampet (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 6)
Government of India, Calcutta
Archaeological memoir · cited as Yazdani 1922
The memoir describes the Ramappa Temple and the shrines around it. Its plates reproduce photographs that the Hyderabad Archaeological Department took in 1915–16, before the temple was repaired.
S. Hanumant Rao, with Lakshmi Kanta Sastri, revised by H. Krishna Sastri
The Kotagiri Plates of the Reign of the Kakatiya Queen Rudramamba, A.D. 1273 (Hyderabad Archaeological Series No. 6)
His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Government (Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta)
Epigraphic monograph (copper-plate edition) · cited as Kotagiri plates 1925
The monograph edits and translates three Sanskrit copper plates found in a tank at Birkur in Bodhan taluk. The plates record a grant by Sura of the Viryala family in the reign of Rudramamba, daughter of Ganapati. The editors date the grant to Sunday 31 December 1273.
Cited on: Rudrama Devi · coins, weights and measures · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
F. W. Thomas and others (eds.). Article by C. R. Krishnamacharlu
Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVIII (1925-26). No. 41: The Garavapadu grant of Ganapatideva, Saka 1182, pp. 343-349
Government of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta
Epigraphic journal · cited as Epigraphia Indica XVIII
Krishnamacharlu edits a grant made on 12 April 1260 by Tikka, son of Ganapati Deva's minister Devaraja. The seal shows the crescent and the sun, a boar facing left with a dagger point upwards, and a cow. The seal has no legend. A photograph of the seal appears on the plate after p. 348. A grayscale scan of the same volume is at https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindicavol18_164_q.
Cited on: coins, weights and measures
Archaeological Department of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions (G. Yazdani, Director). Appendix B by T. Streenivas
Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions, 1335 Fasli (1925-26). Appendix B: Silver Coins of the Western Chalukyas, pp. 21-26, Plate XVIII
Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, for H.E.H. the Nizam's Government
Departmental annual report · cited as Nizam Archaeological Report 1925-26
Streenivas describes 39 cup-shaped boar coins received in 1925-26, four from Rastiguda (Huzurnagar taluk) and 35 from Rangpani (Jangaon taluk). The coins carry four lotuses, two Sri, a boar with sun and moon, and the legends Raya Gaja Kesari (five coins) or Daya Gaja Kesari (most of the rest). He calls the coins silver and assigns them to subordinate chiefs of the Western Chalukyas. Plate XVIII, Nos. 1-28, illustrates them, with two gold varahas of 1920-21, 14 carats fine and read as Daya Gaja Kesari, as Nos. 1-2. This is the earliest published description of the gajakesari coins found in the library.
Cited on: History · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures
R. D. Banerji
History of Orissa, Vol. I
R. Chatterjee, Calcutta
Regional history · cited as Banerji 1930
Chapter heading p. 327 dates the Gajapati king Prataparudra to 1497-1541. Banerji says that Prataparudra died late in 1539 or early in 1540. The dates matter because Parabrahma Sastry gives the Gajapati reign as 1497 to 1516.
Cited on: History · coins, weights and measures
Hirananda Sastri
Shitab Khan of Warangal (Hyderabad Archaeological Series No. 9)
His Exalted Highness the Nizam’s Government (Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta)
Epigraphic monograph · cited as Hirananda Sastri 1932
The monograph edits Shitab Khan’s inscription in front of Sambhuni Gudi in Warangal Fort. It identifies the hall now called Khush Mahal as Shitab Khan’s durbar hall.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Khasi Mahal · Rachakonda Fort · History · History
Robert Sewell, ed. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar
The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (collected till 1923) and Outlines of Political History (Madras Historical Series 5)
University of Madras
Chronological register of inscriptions · cited as Sewell 1932
Sewell's notes explain why he converts Saka dates to CE. He warns that Indian records use both current and expired years of an era, so a bare Saka number can fall in either of two years. The register often notes when a stated weekday does not fit the tithi.
Cited on: how to read an inscription
Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad, translated by Brajendranath De, edited by Baini Prashad
The Tabaqat-i-Akbari, Vol. III (Bibliotheca Indica)
Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta
Translated primary source · cited as Tabaqat-i-Akbari III
Nizamuddin Ahmad completed his history about 1593. Section I covers the Bahmani Sultans, and Section IV covers the Qutb Shahis. De compares the text with Firishta in his footnotes.
Cited on: Rachakonda Fort · Devarakonda Fort · History · History
P. Sreenivasachar
A Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telingana Districts of H.E.H. the Nizam’s Dominions, Part I
Archaeological Department, Hyderabad (Hyderabad Archaeological Series No. 13)
Inscription corpus · cited as Sreenivasachar 1942
The corpus edits the inscriptions of the Telangana districts. Its introduction (p. 29, note 1) doubts the stories of Jain persecution under Ganapati Deva.
Cited on: Thousand Pillar Temple · Pillalamarri Temples · History · how to read an inscription
M. Somasekhara Sarma
A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History: History of the Musunuri Nayaks
Regional history · cited as Somasekhara Sarma 1948
The book reconstructs the revolt of the Musunuri Nayaks from the Vilasa, Prolavaram and Kaluvacheru grants, and edits the Vilasa grant in an appendix. The author identifies Barani’s Kanya Naik with Kapaya Nayaka.
Cited on: Rachakonda Fort · Bhongir Fort · Musunuri Nayaks · History · History
J. Ramayya (ed.), Archaeological Survey of India
South Indian Inscriptions, Vol. X: Telugu Inscriptions from the Madras Presidency
Manager of Publications, Delhi
Inscription corpus · cited as SII X (1948)
The volume prints Telugu texts of coastal records, including Rudrama Devi's Malkapuram and Tripurantakam inscriptions. Parabrahma Sastry cites it as SII X.
Cited on: how to read an inscription
P. Sreenivasachar (ed.)
A Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telingana Districts of Andhra Pradesh, Part III
Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad (Hyderabad Archaeological Series)
Inscription corpus · cited as Corpus III (1956)
Parabrahma Sastry's most-cited corpus for Ganapati Deva, Rudrama Devi and Prataparudra. It reprints the Kotagiri plates at pp. 114-118 and has 34 plates.
Cited on: how to read an inscription
Gulam Yazdani (ed.), with N. Venkataramanayya and M. Somasekhara Sarma
The Early History of the Deccan
Oxford University Press
Regional history · cited as Yazdani 1960
The book contains the standard chapter on the Kakatiyas, which was the most complete synthesising treatment before Parabrahma Sastry.
Cited on: Anumakonda Fort · Chalukyas of Vemulavada · History · History
Kase Sarvappa. Edited by Khandavalli Lakshmi Ranjanam
Sri Siddhesvara Charitramu (Kakatiya Rajula Charitra, Pratapa Charitra)
Andhra Rachayitala Sanghamu (Andhra Writers' Association), Hyderabad
Later Telugu chronicle poem, edited with an English introduction · cited as Siddhesvara Charitra (ed. 1960)
Kase Sarvappa's Telugu poem tells the story of the Kakatiyas from legendary ancestors to the fall of Warangal and after. The editor dates the poet to about 1600. Earlier writers placed him about 1400. The poem closely follows Ekamranatha's Prataparudra Caritramu, and its last part is in prose. It survives in one damaged paper manuscript in the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras. The site uses it only as later tradition. The editor's long English introduction compares the poem with inscriptions.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Bhadrakali Temple · Siddhesvara Temple · Rudrama Devi · Pratapa Rudra · History · History · History
S. Gopalakrishna Murthy
The Sculpture of the Kakatiyas
Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
AP Archaeological Series No. 34
Art historical study · cited as Gopalakrishna Murthy 1964
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Thousand Pillar Temple · Bhadrakali Temple · Padmakshi Temple · Katakshapur Temples · Jakaram Temple · Anumakonda Fort · Siddhesvara Temple · Aggalayya Gutta · History · History
A. Chandra Sekhar (Census of India)
Census of India 1961, Vol. II Andhra Pradesh, Part VII-B (18): Fairs and Festivals, Warangal District
Government of India
Census report · cited as Census 1961, Fairs and Festivals: Warangal
The volume describes the fairs, festivals and shrines of Warangal district village by village. It records the Medaram jatara of Sammakka, a rock-cut Jain image near the Thousand Pillar Temple, and local legends about Hanamakonda and Bhadrakali.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta · History · History
M. Rama Rao
Select Kakatiya Temples
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
Sri Venkatesvara University Historical Series No. 2, Tirupati
Illustrated monograph · cited as Rama Rao 1966
The book is a photographic and descriptive study of selected Kakatiya temples.
Cited on: Thousand Pillar Temple · Ramappa Temple · Ghanpur Temple Complex · Uparpalle Temples · Pillalamarri Temples · Khasi Mahal · Ramappa Lake · Padmakshi Temple · Katakshapur Temples · Jakaram Temple · Anumakonda Fort · Siddhesvara Temple · Architecture · History · History · History · Warangal Fort plan
Ibn Battuta, translated by H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham
The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354, Vols III and IV
Hakluyt Society, Cambridge
Translated primary source · cited as Ibn Battuta (Gibb)
Ibn Battuta lived at Delhi from 1334 and served Muhammad bin Tughluq. Volume III (1971) describes the plague in the Sultan's army at Badrakut in Tiling and the revolt of Nusrat Khan. Volume IV appeared in 1994.
Cited on: History
M. Somasekhara Sarma et al.
Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telangana Districts, Part IV
Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
Inscription corpus · cited as Corpus IV (1973)
The fourth part of the Telangana corpus. Parabrahma Sastry writes that Somasekhara Sarma prepared it in his last years.
Cited on: how to read an inscription
V. Yashoda Devi
After the Kakatiyas
Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi, Hyderabad
Regional history · cited as Yashoda Devi 1975
The book covers the Delhi invasions of Telangana, the revolt of the Musunuri Nayaks and the reign of Kapaya Nayaka up to 1369. The author draws on Sarma, Venkataramanayya, the Persian chronicles and Telugu inscriptions.
Cited on: Pillalamarri Temples · Bhongir Fort · Pratapa Rudra · History · History · History · coins, weights and measures
P. V. Parabrahma Sastry
The Kakatiyas and Their Times (PhD thesis)
Karnatak University, Dharwar (typescript thesis)
Doctoral thesis · cited as Parabrahma Sastry 1975 (thesis)
The thesis is the typescript from which the author made his 1978 book, The Kakatiyas of Warangal. Most of its text reappears almost word for word in the book. The thesis differs from the book in a few places. It numbers the early chiefs differently, and it holds that Rudra Deva probably died fighting the Yadavas. In one passage it also says that Rudra Deva completed the stone fort at Orugallu. The book revised these points. The text layer is a fair OCR with page markers.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Thousand Pillar Temple · Padmakshi Temple · Anumakonda Fort · Beta I · Beta II · Prola II · Rudra Deva · Rudrama Devi · Pratapa Rudra · Architecture · History · History · History · History · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
Khandavalli Lakshmi Ranjanam
Kakatiya Yugamu (in Telugu)
Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi, Hyderabad
Popular history (Telugu) · cited as Lakshmi Ranjanam 1975
The book is a short Telugu survey of the Kakatiya age, written for the World Telugu Conference. The author edited the Prataparudra Charitra and the Siddhesvara Charitra, and he reports their stories while calling them legend. The text layer is a readable OCR with many errors.
Cited on: Pakhal Lake · Rudra Deva · Pratapa Rudra · History · History
P. V. Parabrahma Sastry
Kakatiya Coins and Measures (Museum Series No. 14)
Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
Numismatic and epigraphic monograph · cited as Parabrahma Sastry 1975 (coins)
The monograph is the first attempt to identify Kakatiya coins. It attributes gold coins with the legends Rayagajakesari and Dayagajakesari to the Kakatiyas, mainly on the evidence of the Khandavalli seal and the Terala inscription. It also lists Kakatiya coin units and measures from inscriptions. The introduction by N. Ramesan is dated 6 September 1975.
Cited on: Pratapa Rudra · History · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
M. V. Rajagopal
Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Warangal
Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
District gazetteer · cited as Warangal District Gazetteer 1976
The gazetteer covers the history, monuments, tanks and rivers of Warangal district. It is the source for the river basins of the major tanks.
Cited on: Pakhal Lake · Anumakonda Fort · Rachakonda Fort · Devarakonda Fort · Bhongir Fort · Architecture · History · History · History · History · History
P. V. Parabrahma Sastry
The Kakatiyas of Warangal
Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
Standard monograph · cited as Parabrahma Sastry 1978
The book is the standard scholarly study, and the source of the regnal chronology used throughout this site. Its revision of the dynasty’s origins rests on the Bayyaram and Sanigaram inscriptions (the Bayyaram tank inscription was discovered in 1965) and on the Anumakonda inscription edited by J. F. Fleet in 1882. The book is based on the author’s doctoral thesis, The Kakatiyas and Their Times, which he submitted to Karnatak University, Dharwar, in 1975. The foreword of the book is dated October 1978. It omits several minor sites recorded in 1900.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Thousand Pillar Temple · Ramappa Temple · Ghanpur Temple Complex · Neddigonda Temple · Pillalamarri Temples · Laknavaram Lake · Ramappa Lake · Padmakshi Temple · Bayyaram Tank · Kesamudram Tank · Anumakonda Fort · Beta I · Prola I · Beta II · Durgaraja · Prola II · Rudra Deva · Mahadeva · Ganapati Deva · Rudrama Devi · Pratapa Rudra · Kakatiyas · Architecture · Inscriptions · History · History · History · History · History · History · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
Puchcha Vasudeva Parabrahma Sastry (P. V. Parabrahma Sastry)
Kakatiya Sasana Sahityam (Kakatiya inscriptional literature)
Andhra Saraswata Parishat, Hyderabad (second edition: Telangana Sahitya Akademi, Hyderabad, 2019)
Literary study of inscriptions (Telugu) · cited as Parabrahma Sastry 1981 (Telugu)
The book prints two lectures given in December 1979 on Sanskrit and Telugu literature in Kakatiya inscriptions. It names the composers of several inscriptions and discusses the rock-cut poems at Ursu and Siddhesvara Gutta. Its verse quotations come from published corpora.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Thousand Pillar Temple · Pakhal Lake · Bayyaram Tank · Siddhesvara Temple · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
S. S. Jaya Rao, Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh
District Census Handbook: Warangal, Parts XIII-A & B
Government of Andhra Pradesh
Village and town directory · cited as District Census Handbook 1986
The handbook is a village-level directory across all fifteen taluks. It is the single most useful locational aid for relating inscription place-names to modern villages. Ghanpur scores 65 hits here against zero in the 1900 inventory, which is why that temple complex is so poorly served in the older literature.
Cited on: Ghanpur Temple Complex · Pakhal Lake · Bhadrakali Temple · Laknavaram Lake · Ramappa Lake · Bahmani Sultanate · Qutb Shahis · Mughal Empire · Asaf Jahi Nizams · History · History
B. Sathyanarayana Singh
The Art and Architecture of the Kakatiyas
Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, New Delhi
Standard art-historical monograph · cited as Sathyanarayana Singh 1999
The book is the main modern art-historical study. It is not available online and is available only through interlibrary loan. The book is listed here because it is the reference work a reader will look for.
Cynthia Talbot
The Kakatiyas in Telugu Historical Memory (chapter 5 of Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra)
Oxford University Press, New York
Scholarly monograph (chapter) · cited as Talbot 2001
The chapter, pages 174 to 207, studies how later inscriptions, chronicles, village histories and caste stories remembered the Kakatiyas. Talbot dates the Prataparudra Caritramu to the first half of the sixteenth century. She reads that chronicle as a charter for later warrior groups, not as a record of Kakatiya events. The copy held is the Oxford Academic chapter PDF.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Pakhal Lake · Pratapa Rudra · History · History · History · History · History
Jean Deloche
Studies on Fortification in India, chapter II: The Hindu System of Fortification in South India (3rd–14th century A.D.)
Institut Français de Pondichéry and École française d’Extrême-Orient
Scholarly study · cited as Deloche 2007
Paragraphs 45–61 describe Warangal’s three enclosures, the gates of the stone wall, and the stepped gallery inside the wall. The text gives the earthen wall a diameter of 2.4 km but a circumference of 19 km, and the two numbers do not agree.
Cited on: Warangal Fort
S. S. Ramachandra Murthy
Inscriptions of the Kakatiyas of Warangal (A.D. 1050-1326)
Indian Council of Historical Research
Epigraphic corpus · cited as Ramachandra Murthy 2011
The book gathers 367 inscriptions, with Sanskrit text and English translation, from scattered publication into a single volume. The book is not available online.
Cited on: how to read an inscription
B. Subrahmanyam
Gold Coins of the Kakatiyas: Treasure Trove from Padmakshigutta, Warangal District, Andhra Pradesh
Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
Hoard catalogue (government museum publication) · cited as Subrahmanyam 2011
The catalogue has 169 pages and colour plates. A publisher's description says that the trove reached the department in 1987, and that it holds boar coins with the legends Dayagajakesari, Rajagajakesari and Rayagajakesari, as well as coins of chiefs and officials. Only that description has been seen. Its date may or may not match the 1982 Padmakshi hoard reported for Raja Reddy.
Cited on: coins, weights and measures
Richard M. Eaton and Phillip B. Wagoner
Power, Memory, Architecture: Contested Sites on India's Deccan Plateau, 1300-1600
Oxford University Press
Scholarly monograph · cited as Eaton & Wagoner 2014
Chapter 3, Warangal and the Kakatiya Legacy, covers the Qutb Shahi and post-Kakatiya phases including Shitab Khan's restoration of Kakatiya cults.
Alekhya Punjala
Rani Rudrama Devi (National Biography series, Women Pioneers)
National Book Trust, India, New Delhi
Popular biography · cited as Punjala 2016
The book is a short popular life of Rudrama Devi, with an annexure of inscription summaries. It mixes inscription evidence with legend and invented scenes, such as a three-day duel before her marriage and a detailed coronation. The site cites it only where it records a popular tradition. The book gives the Chandupatla date as 27 November 1289, but Epigraphia Telanganica gives 25 November 1289.
Cited on: History · how to read an inscription
Koteswara Rao Kore and P. Sudhakar (Dept. of History and Archaeology, Acharya Nagarjuna University)
Superstructure architecture of Ghanpur group of temples in Kakatiya times
Journal article · cited as Kore & Sudhakar 2017
International Journal of Applied Research 3(2): 146–148. The paper is the source for the 22 temples, the 260 ft double enclosure, the main temple's measurements and the Kota Gullu name. In one passage the paper places Ghanpur in Wanaparthi taluk, which is an error. Ghanpur is in Mulug taluk, as the paper says elsewhere.
Cited on: Ghanpur Temple Complex
Archaeological Survey of India, with the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Telangana (prepared by a team under G. S. V. Suryanarayana Murthy, coordinated by M. Pandu Ranga Rao of the Kakatiya Heritage Trust)
Nomination Dossier for inscription of The Glorious Kakatiya Temples and Gateways: Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple at Palampet, Telangana State, India, as World Heritage Site
Archaeological Survey of India, Hyderabad. Published online by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Official nomination dossier · cited as UNESCO dossier 2017
The dossier is dated January 2017 and was redrafted in November 2017. UNESCO inscribed the temple in 2021 as property 1570, Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple. The nomination text runs to about 165 printed pages, and Annexure III holds the measured drawings. Much of its history follows Eaton and Wagoner (2014). It contradicts itself on some numbers.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Thousand Pillar Temple · Ramappa Temple · Ghanpur Temple Complex · Uparpalle Temples · Ramappa Lake · Architecture
Commons uploaders Adbh266 and Torchtelangana
File descriptions in Category:Aggalayya gutta
User-contributed description · cited as Wikimedia Commons descriptions
The descriptions are in Telugu and English and cite no sources. They identify the large statue as Sambhavanatha from a horse emblem. They count seven Tirthankaras in a row and date the carvings to the 9th and 10th centuries.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta · History
Anudeep Ceremilla
Warangal’s strong Jainism link revealed
News report · cited as Deccan Chronicle, February 2017
Deccan Chronicle, 9 February 2017. A photograph with the report shows the large statue on Aggalayya Gutta painted in white and blue, before the works under the HRIDAY scheme.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta
Phillip B. Wagoner
Heritage of the Kakatiyas: Hanamkonda, Warangal, Palampet, Ghanpur
Jaico / Deccan Heritage Foundation
Illustrated guide · cited as Wagoner 2018
Anudeep Ceremilla
Jain statue found in Hanamkonda
News report · cited as Deccan Chronicle 2018
Deccan Chronicle, 15 June 2018. The report describes a Jain sculpture about four and a half feet high found in a cave on the hill. It quotes Sriramoju Haragopal, who identified the sculpture as Mahavira and dated it to the ninth century.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta · History
Government of India (Department of Heritage Telangana and Archaeological Survey of India)
World Heritage List 2020, Additional Information: The Glorious Kakatiya Temples and Gateways, Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple at Palampet (Mulugu District), Telangana State, India
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
State Party's supplementary information to a nomination · cited as UNESCO additional information 2019
India sent this reply to questions from ICOMOS in late 2019. It explains why the Thousand Pillar Temple and the Swayambhu temple at Warangal Fort were dropped from the serial nomination. It gives coordinates for all three sites and a short comparison table.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Khasi Mahal · Konda Masjid
Goli Penchala Prasad and others
The Epigraphic Evidences on Ayurveda and Indian Medical Heritage
Journal article · cited as Goli Penchala Prasad et al. 2020
Indian Journal of History of Science 55(4): 289–301. The article summarises the Saidapur inscription of 1034 from Epigraphia Andhrica VI. It describes Aggalayya as a Jain royal physician and surgeon. It does not mention Hanamakonda.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta · History
Telangana Today staff
Shravanabelagola Jain Mutt pontiff visits Aggalaiah Gutta in Hanamkonda
News report · cited as Telangana Today, July 2021
Telangana Today, 17 July 2021. The report identifies the large statue as Shantinatha, 30 feet high, and the Parsvanatha as 13 feet high. It calls Aggalayya a great physician and gives no date for the carvings.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta
Telangana Today staff
11th century Ayurvedic cure facility discovered in Warangal
News report · cited as Telangana Today, February 2021
Telangana Today, 28 February 2021. R. Rathnakar Reddy reported rock-cut mortars and parts of a Gokarnam on the hill. The report links them to Aggalayya through the Saidapur and Sirur inscriptions, which come from other districts.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta
A. K. Goel, D. Satyanarayana, Rekha Pande and Ravulapati Madhavi
Telangana – Land and People: From Stone Age to 1323 CE, Volume 1
Dr MCR HRD Institute, Government of Telangana
First edition, June 2022
Regional history · cited as Goel et al. 2022
Chapters 15 and 16 cover the Kakatiyas: rise, imperial glory, decline, subordinates, causes of downfall, governance, taxation, trade networks, tanks and temples.
Cited on: Laknavaram Lake · Ramappa Lake · Kesamudram Tank · Ganapati Deva · Rudrama Devi · Pratapa Rudra · Mauryas (Asoka) · Satavahanas · Ikshvakus · Vakatakas · Vishnukundins · Chalukyas of Badami · Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi · Rashtrakutas · Chalukyas of Vemulavada · Western Chalukyas of Kalyani · Delhi Sultanate (Tughluqs) · Architecture · History · History · History
Gajjala Vasanta Lakshmi (ed.), Gautam Pingle (gen. ed.)
Epigraphia Telanganica
Dr MCR Human Resource Development Institute, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad
First edition, September 2023
Epigraphic corpus · cited as Epigraphia Telanganica 2023
The corpus has four volumes compiling 2,396 inscriptions of the Telangana region, of which 1,916 are main records and 480 variants. Volume I covers pre-Kakatiya Telangana to the Western Chalukya period. Volume II covers the imperial Kakatiyas. Volume III covers the decline of Rudrama Devi and Prataparudra, including the Muslim invasion. Volume IV covers Post-Kakatiya Telangana. The corpus is the richest single source for Kakatiya epigraphy and is not yet fully incorporated into the site database.
Cited on: Warangal Fort · Thousand Pillar Temple · Pakhal Lake · Neddigonda Temple · Kusumanchi Inscribed Column · Jidkal Reservoir · Pillalamarri Temples · Bandri Gateway · Laknavaram Lake · Ramappa Lake · Padmakshi Temple · Bayyaram Tank · Kesamudram Tank · Siddhesvara Temple · Aggalayya Gutta · Rachakonda Fort · Devarakonda Fort · Bhongir Fort · Beta I · Prola I · Beta II · Prola II · Rudra Deva · Mahadeva · Ganapati Deva · Rudrama Devi · Pratapa Rudra · Ikshvakus · Vishnukundins · Chalukyas of Badami · Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi · Rashtrakutas · Chalukyas of Vemulavada · Western Chalukyas of Kalyani · Kakatiyas · Musunuri Nayaks · Recherla Velamas · Qutb Shahis · Asaf Jahi Nizams · Architecture · Inscriptions · History · History · History · History · History · History · History · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures · coins, weights and measures · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription · how to read an inscription
The Hans India (unsigned)
Gold coins and more of the golden era of Kakatiyas (review of D. Raja Reddy, Kakatiya Coins: A Journey Through Medieval Deccan Numismatics, Kakatiya Heritage Trust, 2023)
The Hans India, Hyderabad, 9 April 2023
Newspaper book review · cited as Hans India 2023 (review of Raja Reddy)
The review reports the contents of Raja Reddy's book, the first monograph on Kakatiya coins since 1975. It gives a Padmakshi temple hoard of 1982 with 567 gold coins, of which 272 are boar coins with the legend Ahitagajakesari. Raja Reddy lists them as Kakatiya coins of an unknown type. The book itself has not been seen, so the numbers are second-hand.
Cited on: coins, weights and measures
B. Murali Krishna (Acharya Nagarjuna University)
General Features of Kakatiya Temple Architecture in Warangal District
Journal article · cited as Murali Krishna 2024
The article appears in IJCRT 12(5), May 2024. It classifies Kakatiya temples by their number of shrines and names examples of each type.
Telangana360
Aggalayya Gutta Jain Temple
Heritage blog · cited as Telangana360, 2024
The page names the statues as Shantinatha, Parsvanatha and Mahavira and says that the published heights differ. It cites Wikipedia and news reports, and it gives no independent evidence for the date of the carvings.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta · History
Veludharan
Jain Tirthankara Hill, Padmakshi Temple
Travel blog with photographs · cited as Veludharan blog, 2025
The post has photographs of April 2025, with older photographs for comparison. It states that the unfinished Tirthankara was completed during the recent renovation.
Cited on: Aggalayya Gutta